Aplicación de árnica en gel para el manejo del dolor y reabsorción del hematoma profundo / Application of arnica gel for pain management and deep hematoma reabsorption

Árnica es una planta medicinal de la especie Arnica montana, endémica en Europa Central y Meridional, perteneciente a la familia Asteracae; rica en flavonoides y compuestos fenólicos, lactonas, helenalina y ácido hexurónico que le dan propiedades cicatrizantes, antiinflamatorias, analgésicas, antimicrobianas y anticoagulantes. Se utiliza en casos de contusiones, dolores musculares, reumáticos y hematomas profundos. El artículo describe ocho casos, que presentaron hematoma profundo por punción infructuosa, en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica terminal con esquema de hemodiálisis, donde se aplicó árnica en gel. Por medio de fotografías se registró cómo los hematomas revirtieron a partir del tercer día, mientras que el dolor disminuyó en un 50% al tercer día. (AU)

Arnica is a medicinal plant of the species Arnica Montana, endemic in Central and Southern Europe, it belongs to the Asteracae family, rich in flavonoids and phenolic compounds, lactones, helenalin and hexuronic acid that give it healing, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial and anticoagulant properties. It is used in cases of bruises, muscle pain, rheumatic pain and deep bruises. The article describes eight patients with terminal chronic renal failure under hemodialysis, who presented deep hematoma due to unsuccessful puncture of their dialysis fistula. All patients were treated with local gel arnica. Verbal analogue scale (VAS) and qualitative visual image analysis (photography) on how the hematomas reverted on the third day was analyzed. (AU)

Hematoma retropúbico masivo posterior a TVT: enfrentamientos diferentes para una complicación infrecuente / Massive retropubic hematoma after TVT: different approaches for an uncommon complication

INTRODUCCIÓN: La TVT (tension-free vaginal tape) es una cirugía efectiva, pero no exenta de riesgos. Las complicaciones vasculares ocurren en un 0,9-1,7%; solo el 0,33% se presentan como hematoma masivo, en general asociado a la lesión de variante anatómica corona mortis (CM). OBJETIVO: Reportar tres tipos de manejo en pacientes con hematomas masivos después de cirugía para la incontinencia. MÉTODO: Revisión de casos de hematomas masivos tras TVT. Análisis de tres casos con diferente manejo. RESULTADOS: 1086 pacientes operadas en 10 años, 1% hematomas sintomáticos, 0,36% hematomas masivos. Se presentan tres casos. Caso 1: presenta inestabilidad hemodinámica sin respuesta a volumen ni vasoactivos, requirió laparotomía exploradora y se encontró un vaso sangrante retropúbico, compatible con CM, y un hematoma de 1000 cc. Caso 2: hipotensión que responde a volumen, asintomática al día siguiente de alta, reingresó 12 días después con caída de 6 puntos en la hemoglobina y la tomografía computarizada (TC) mostró un hematoma de 550 cc; recibió drenaje percutáneo. Caso 3: asintomática, alta el primer día posoperatorio, reingresa al quinto día con descenso de 4 puntos en la hemoglobina y la TC informa hematoma de 420 cc, que drena espontáneamente por vía vaginal. Todas las pacientes recibieron 14 días de antibióticos, y permanecieron continentes. CONCLUSIONES: Los hematomas retropúbicos masivos son una complicación poco frecuente. Su manejo considera la estabilización hemodinámica, el control del sangrado y el drenaje.

INTRODUCTION: TVT (tension-free vaginal tape) is an effective surgery, not without risks. Vascular complications occur in 0.9 to 1.7%, of which 0.33% present as massive hematoma, generally associated with injury of an anatomical variant, Corona Mortis (CM). OBJECTIVE: To report three types of management in patients with massive hematomas after anti-incontinence surgery. METHOD: Review of cases of massive hematomas after TVT surgery. Analysis of three cases with different management. RESULTS: 1086 patients operated in 10 years, 1% symptomatic hematomas, 0.36% massive. Three cases are presented. Case 1: hemodynamic instability without response to volume or vasoactive agents, required reoperation with exploratory laparotomy, a retropubic bleeding vessel, compatible with CM, and hematoma 1000 cc was found. Case 2: hypotension responds to volume, asymptomatic at next day in discharge conditions, she was readmitted 12 days later with falled 6-point in Hb, and CT showed hematoma 550 cc; she received percutaneous drainage. Case 3: asymptomatic, discharge on the first day after TVT, readmitted on the 5th day with falled 4-point in Hb, CT informed hematoma 420 cc, spontaneously drains vaginally. Patients received 14 days of antibiotics, remained continent. CONCLUSIONS: Massive retropubic hematomas are an infrequent complication, and management considers hemodynamic stabilization, bleeding control and drainage.

Hematoma sofocante, su fisiopatología / Suffocating hematoma, its pathophysiology

Se revisan la fisiopatología y los mecanismos que producen la sofocación en el hematoma cervical y se determina que el único tratamiento con posibilidades de éxito vital es el inmediato drenaje del hematoma.

In this article are reviewed the physiopathology and the mechanisms that causes suffocation in the cervical hematoma. It is determined that the only treatment with possibilities of vital success is the immediate drainage of the hematoma.

Intramural duodenal hematoma secondary to pancreatitis: case report and review of the literature

ABSTRACT CONTEXT: Spontaneous intramural duodenal hematoma is uncommon and is usually associated with coagulopathy, anticoagulant therapy and endoscopic procedures. The aim here was to describe a case of intramural duodenal hematoma caused by chronic exacerbation of pancreatitis. CASE REPORT: A 46-year-old male with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis was admitted to hospital due to abdominal pain, melena and low hemoglobin. An intramural duodenal hematoma with active bleeding was detected and selective angioembolization was warranted. The patient evolved with a perforated duodenum and underwent laparotomy with exclusion of the pylorus and Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy. He was discharged nine days later. CONCLUSION: Intramural duodenal hematoma is a rare complication of pancreatitis. Selective embolization is the preferred treatment for hemorrhagic complications of pancreatitis. However, the risk of visceral ischemia and perforation should be considered.

Rectus sheath hematoma – An uncommon complication following caesarean delivery.

Rectus sheath hematoma is a well documented clinical entity, though uncommon and often clinically misdiagnosed cause of acute abdomen. The non-specific nature of presentation combined with a lower incidence of the disorder leads to difficulty in diagnosing. Our patient presented with rectus sheath hematoma, following caesarean section on 9th post-operative day. She presented with wound discharge and lower abdominal pain. The case report is presented to increase the awareness in considering this entity in the differential diagnosis and management of acute lower abdominal pain. Rectus sheath hematoma’s early diagnosis and appropriate treatment may help to prevent complications.

Síndrome aórtico agudo: Revisión de la literatura y actualización del tema / Acute aortic syndrome

Acute aortic syndrome (AAS) is a term that describes interrelated aortic emergencies with similar clinical characteristics and challenges. These are aortic dissection (AD), intramural hematoma (IH), and penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer (PAU). The incidence of AAS is three cases per 100.000 persons per year. Diverse genetic disorders and acquired conditions have been related to the pathogenesis of this disease. Clinical features of patients with any of the three conditions comprising AAS are very similar. A high degree of clinical suspicion and imaging studies are necessary for an accurate diagnosis. Prognosis is clearly related to underlying diagnosis and appropriate surgical repair, in the case of proximal involvement of the aorta. Involvement of distal segments of the aorta may require medical or endovascular therapy according to the presence of complications. After hospital discharge, patients require lifelong follow-up.

Protocolo de prevenção de tromboembolismo venoso no Instituto Ivo Pitanguy: eficácia e segurança em 1351 pacientes / Protocol for the prevention of venous thromboembolism at the Ivo Pitanguy Institute: efficacy and safety in 1351 patients

INTRODUÇÃO: Eventos tromboembólicos causam grande preocupação, em decorrência das altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade existentes e da possibilidade de apresentação clínica com sintomas escassos e, muitas vezes, inespecíficos. A prevenção é a maneira mais eficaz de lidar com esse tipo de evento, que, uma vez estabelecido, pode levar rapidamente à morte. MÉTODO: Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo, no período entre maio de 2009 e maio de 2010, com pacientes submetidos a cirurgia plástica no Instituto Ivo Pitanguy. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao protocolo de prevenção de tromboembolismo venoso, após serem avaliados quanto aos fatores predisponentes e de risco. A soma desses fatores gerou uma pontuação, que determinou a profilaxia a ser adotada. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 1.351 pacientes durante o período de um ano. Não houve incidência de tromboembolismo venoso. Foram observados 16 casos de hematoma, 9 (56,25%) deles ocorreram após profilaxia com heparina e 7 (43,75%) sem o uso de quimioprofilaxia. CONCLUSÕES: O protocolo para prevenção de tromboembolismo venoso no Instituto Ivo Pitanguy foi eficaz, sem ocorrência de eventos tromboembólicos e com incidência de hematomas abaixo da encontrada na literatura médica.

INTRODUCTION: Thromboembolic events are a serious concern due to the high rates of morbidity and mortality as well as the possibility of existing disease presenting with scarce and often nonspecific symptoms. Prevention is the most effective management method for this kind of event, which can quickly lead to death once it occurs. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted between May 2009 and May 2010 on patients undergoing plastic surgery at the Ivo Pitanguy Institute. All patients underwent the protocol for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after being assessed for risk factors. These factors were summed to generate a score, which determined the prophylaxis to be implemented. RESULTS: During one year, 1351 patients were assessed. There was no incidence of venous thromboembolism. There were 16 cases of hematoma, 9 (56.25%) of which occurred after heparin prophylaxis and 7 (43.75%) of which occurred without the use of prophylaxis. CONCLUSIONS: The protocol for the prevention of venous thromboembolism at the Ivo Pitanguy Institute was effective, with no occurrence of VTE cases and the incidence of hematomas remained below that found in the medical literature.

Management of twenty patients with neck trauma in Khartoum ENT Hospital

Neck trauma is a great surgical challenge, because there are multi organ and systems involved. To study the clinical presentation, management and outcome of twenty patients presented to Khartoum ENT Hospital with neck trauma. This is a prospective study conducted in Khartoum ENT Hospital, Sudan during the period 1998- 2008. A total number of 20 patients presented to our unit with neck trauma were included in the study. All patients were admitted to the hospital, assessed and managed according to the magnitude of trauma. The age varied from 5 to 40years, with mean age [ +/- SD] 28 years [ +/- 9]. Male to female ratio was 2:1. Most of the patients presented to the Hospital between 1-6 hours after trauma. The mechanism of neck trauma was blunt trauma in 16[80%] patients and penetrating wound in 4[20%] patients. The distribution of injuries in neck zones were 17[85%] patients in zone two, 2[10%] patients in zone three and one patient in zone one. Tracheal injury and pharyngeal injury were seen in 4[20%] patients each, laryngeal injury in 5[25%] patients, and salivary gland injury in 1[5%] patient. Surgical exploration and tracheostomy were done in 4[20%] patients. tracheostomy alone was performed in 7[35%] patients with blunt trauma. Conservative management without surgical intervention was done in 9[45%] patients. The common complications in this study were vocal cord paralysis and subglottic stenosis in 2[10%] patients each, while surgical emphysema and haemothorax was seen in one patient. Zone two injures were the commonest injuries. Early presentation and proper management of patients with neck trauma carry good prognosis.

Hematoma hepático subcapsular en el puerperio / Subcapsular hepatic hematoma during postpartum period

El hematoma hepático subcapsular es una complicación infrecuente y grave durante la gestación o el período puerperal. Esta patología generalmente se relaciona con preeclampsia o síndrome de HELLP. Su diagnóstico debe confirmarse por tomografía axial computarizada. La precocidad del diagnóstico y tratamiento es importante para evitar la ruptura del hematoma.

Subcapsular hepatic hematoma is a rare and severe complication during pregnancy or postpartum period. This condition is usually related to preeclampsia or HELLP syndrome. Its diagnosis must be confirmed by abdominal computed tomography. An early diagnosis and treatment are important to avoid hematoma rupture.

Hematoma intramural esofágico / Esophageal intramural hematoma

The most common presentation of esophageal hematoma is pain, dysphagia and hematemesis. We report two patients with the condition. A 77 years old female presenting with retrosternal pain and odynophagia after ingesting a pig bone. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed a lineal hematoma, protruding to the lumen in the upper portion of the esophagus. The patient was managed with nil per os (NPO) and parenteral hydration and discharged 72 hours later. An 87 years old male presenting with two episodes of hematemesis and weight loss, an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed a dissecting hematoma involving the entire esophageal wall. The patient was managed with NPO and hydration and discharged in good conditions 11 days after admission.

El hematoma intramural esofágico es infrecuente, existiendo pocos casos registrados en la literatura. Generalmente se presenta posterior a un trauma, por ejemplo asociado a procedimientos endoscópicos (escleroterapia), o en forma espontánea. La presentación clínica más frecuente es la tríada de dolor torácico, odinofagia/disfagia y/o hematemesis. Generalmente el tratamiento consiste en un manejo expectante con medidas de soporte habitual. Se exponen 2 casos clínicos presentados en nuestro centro durante el año 2009 y se realiza una revisión de la literatura.

[Perigenital hematoma: diagnosis and management]

Discuss the clinical aspects and the management of pcrigenital hematoina, a rare complication of delivery that can engage the vital prognosis. We report 4 cases of pen-genital hematomax recorded in the department C of obstetrics and gynecology, in the maternity center of Tunis. In two cases, the patients had only medical treatment and in the two others arterial embolisation was performed. The diagnosis is evoked in front of an unexplained hemorrhagic choc with perineal pain. Upon diagnosis, the patient must be rapidly managed associating resuscitation, surgcry and angiographic embotisation

Hematoma esofágico espontáneo: caso clínico / Spontaneous esophageal hematoma: case report

Hematoma of the esophagus is a rare condition. We report the case of an 86 year old man, treated with aspirin. He was admitted by hematemesis, hemodynamically stable. Upper digestive tract endoscopy revealed a big esophageal hematoma: Contrast enhanced computed tomography of the chest confirmed the diagnosis. Clinical outcome was good without complications, with conservative medical management.

El hematoma esofágico es una condición poco frecuente. Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 86 años, en tratamiento con aspirina, que ingresa por cuadro hematemesis, con hemodinamia estable. Se realiza endoscopia digestiva alta que revela gran hematoma esofágico; tomografía computada de tórax con contraste confirma el diagnóstico. La evolución clínica fue satisfactoria sin complicaciones, con manejo médico conservador.

Los microtraumatismos como etiología del seroma tardío en la mastoplastía de aumento / The etiology of seroma microtrauma as late in augmentation mastoplastia

El seroma tardio es una complicación en la cirugía de los implantes mamarios que aparece habitualmente luego de los tres meses en la mayoría de los casos, aunque puede darse a partir del mes. Es escasa la información con que se cuenta en la actualidad sobre él, especialmente en lo referente a su etiología. Los autores presentan aquí su experiencia en lo relativo a esta patología, atribuyendo su etiología a los microtraumatismos sufridos por la paciente en la cápsula de la zona afectada. Se presentan casos clínicos, su correspondiente tratamiento y resultado final.

Late seroma is a complication of implant surgery for breast augmentation that usually appears, in most cases, after the first three months post-op, although it may also occur a month after the surgery. At he present time, there is little information on the matter, especially regarding its etiology. In this article, the authors present their experience with respect to this pathology, attributing its etiology to micro traumas suffered by the patients in the capsule of the affected area. Clinical cases are presented along with their respective treatment and final result.

Hemodinamia inestable en fracturas de pelvis estables / Results in the surgical treatment of the unstable shoulder

We report two cases of hemodynamic instability secondary to stable pelvic fractures. Both patients had isolated arterial lesions with large pelvic hematomas. In the two cases embolization of the injured vessel was performed. Knowing the existence of this kind of traumatic lesion is crucial for early diagnosis improving the results in the treatment of this life-threatening condition. Patients with pelvic fractures should be under observation for long periods of time, because delayed hemorrhage can occur.

Presentamos dos casos de inestabilidad hemodinámica en pacientes con fracturas de pelvis que fueron consideradas estables. Los pacientes presentaban lesión arterial traumática aislada y hematoma para-vesical de gran tamaño. Ambos fueron tratados de manera exitosa mediante embolización de su lesión arterial. Conocer este tipo de lesiones y diagnosticarlas de manera oportuna son claves en el buen resultado clínico de una lesión potencialmente mortal pero frecuentemente subvalorada. Es aconsejable observar por períodos prolongados de tiempo a pacientes con fracturas de pelvis ya que pueden producirse sangrados tardíos.

Cefaloematoma: quando puncionar? / Cephalohematoma: when to perform a tap?

Cefaloematoma é uma coleção sangüínea localizada entre o periósteo e o crânio. Sua incidência é de 0,2% a 3% dos recém-nascidos. O tratamento geralmente é conservador, com resolução completa dentro de algumas semanas. Complicação, como infecção bacteriana, pode ocorrer e, se não for tratada adequadamente, evoluir para óbito. O autor chama atenção para a punção diagnóstica de cefaloematoma infectado e seu tratamento.

Hematoma intramural esofágico: caso clínico / Case report: intramural esophageal hematoma

Intramural esophageal hematoma is an uncommon condition characterized by submucosal haemorrhage and dissection of the muscle layers of the esophagus. It may occur spontaneously, but most commonly, secondary to an underlying disease or direct oesophagus damage. Patients usually present with sudden onset of chest pain, haematemesis, dysphagia or odynophagia, which are similar to that observed in other conditions. We report a case of a 77 years old man who was admitted because a three days history of vomiting, epigastric pain and sudden aphagia. Endoscopy and computed tomography were used to establish the diagnosis of intramural oesophageal haematoma that was successfully treated with conservative measures. The literature was reviewed for the aetiology, clinical features and management of this condition.

El hematoma intramural esofágico, es una condición poco común caracterizada por una hemorragia submucosa y la disección de esta capa, del plano muscular. El hematoma puede suceder en forma espontánea, pero más frecuentemente ocurre como consecuencia de una enfermedad subyacente o a una lesión esofágica. Los pacientes usualmente se presentan con dolor torácico, hematemesis, disfagia u odinofagia, por lo cual puede ser confundido con otros diagnósticos. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 77 años, de sexo masculino, que fue ingresado debido a una historia de tres días de evolución con vómitos, dolor epigástrico y afagia súbita. La endoscopia digestiva alta y la tomografía axial computada se utilizaron para establecer el diagnóstico de un hematoma intramural esofágico, que fue exitosamente tratado con medidas conservadoras. Finalmente, se revisa la literatura con el objetivo de discutir la etiología, clínica y manejo de esta condición.

Hematomas espontáneos de la pared abdominal / Spontaneous Hematomas of the abdominal wall

Introducción: El hematoma espontáneo de la pared abdominal (HEPA) es una entidad de aparición infrecuente y de difícil diagnóstico debido a la similitud clínica con otros procesos agudos. Suele aparecer en pacientes que siguen tratamiento anticoagulante y se caracteriza por su forma de presentación brusca como dolor abdominal agudo. La cirugía puede evitarse en la mayoría de los casos si se diagnostica correctamente mediante pruebas de imagen. Observaciones clínicas: Presentamos 12 casos de HEPA tratados en nuestro Servicio entre los años 1999 y 2005, y realizamos una revisión de esta entidad en cuanto a etiología, factores desencadenantes, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Conclusión: El tratamiento del HEPA debe ser conservador, reservando la cirugía para aquellos casos que presenten deterioro hemodinámico por sangrado activo.

Introduction: Spontaneous hematoma of the abdominal wall is infrequent and difficult to diagnose due to its clinical similarity with other acute processes. It is usually associated with patients undergoing anticoagulant therapy and is characterized for its form of abrupt presentation like acute abdominal pain. Surgery can be avoided in most patients if hematoma is correctly diagnosed by imaging tests. Clinical observations: We present 12 cases of spontaneous hematoma of the abdominal wall from 1999 through 2005 and we review the etiology, precipitating factors, diagnosis and treatment of this clinical entity. Conclusion: Treatment of spontaneous hematoma of abdominal wall must be preservative, reserving the surgery for those cases that present hemodynamic compromise by persistent hemorrhage.

Management of Retroperitoneal haematoma

This study was conducted for the management of retroperitoneal haematomas. The main objectives of the study were to find out the frequency of different visceral injuries in cases of retroperitoneal haematoma due to trauma to abdomen and to find out the morbidity and mortality related to different zones in retroperitoneal haematoma in patients with abdominal trauma. Over one year, 45 patients of retroperitoneal injury were admitted through emergency. The entire Zone I abdominal injuries were explored. Selective Zone II patients underwent surgery while most of Zone III patients were managed conservatively. This shows that the depending upon the mode and Zone of the injuries, retroperitoneal haematomas can be managed conservatively

Hematoma cerebeloso espontáneo: Diagnóstico, manejo y evolución de 18 pacientes / Spontaneous cerebellar haematoma: Diagnosis, management and Follow-up in 18 patients

Objetivo: Describir 18 pacientes con hematoma cerebeloso espontáneo (HCE), su diagnóstico, manejo y evolución. Pacientes y Métodos: En el Hospital de Especialidades CMN "La Raza", del 1° de enero del 2001 a 15 de julio del 2003, se estudiaron 18 pacientes, hombres y mujeres de 16 años o más, con HCE. Se evaluó: compresión del IV ventrículo, estado neurológico, hidrocefalia, enfermedades agregadas, manejo y evolución postoperatoria. La compresión del IV ventrículo se dividió en 3 grados. El manejo fue: 1) conservador, 2) craniectomía y drenaje del hematoma, 3) craniectomía con drenaje del hematoma y derivación ventricular, 4) ventriculostomía y 5) ninguno. Resultados: La evolución promedio del HCE fue de más de 6 horas en 11 casos (62%). La hipertensión arterial sistémica se asoció en 72% (13 casos), hidrocefalia en 12 (66%). En 5 pacientes la evolución fue buena, con vida independiente (28%), 3 (17%) con evolución regular y vida dependiente y 10 fallecieron (55%). Conclusiones: Los HCE son una urgencia médica y quirúrgica. El estado neurológico y el grado de compresión del IV ventrículo son los factores más importantes para decidir el manejo e inferir el pronóstico.

Objective: Describe eighteen patients with spontaneous cerebellar haematoma (SCH), their diagnosis, management and outcome. Patients and Method: 18 patients were seen at the Hospital de Especialidades CMN "La Raza" between January 2001 and July 2003. Patients were male and female over 16 years that showed signs compatible with SCH. Fourth ventricle compression, neurological status, hydrocephalus, concomitant diseases, management and postoperative status were assessed. Fourth ventricle compression was divided in three stages. Management included: 1) conservative approach, 2) craniectomy and haematoma drainage, 3) craniectomy haematoma drainage and ventricular derivation, 4) ventriculostomy and 5) absence of treatment. Results: SCH was observed for over six hours in 11 patients (62%). Systemic hypertension was present in 13 patients (72%), hydrocephalus in 12 (66%), five patients displayed a favourable outcome and were able to lead independent lives (28%), three patients (17%) had a guarded outcome, dependent on others for daily living skills and 10 patients died. Conclusions: SCH is a medical and surgical emergency. Neurological status and degree of fourth ventricle compression are the most important factors on which to base clinical management and infer prognosis.